Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines have become the new norm, with traditional machines becoming a thing of the past. While traditional factory machines had human operators, CNC machining works by reading pre-programmed code, known as g-code. Before a job is started, the design will be drawn up on a Computer Aided Design (CAD) programme. It is this design that is transferred to the CNC machine via G-code, so that the machine knows the steps to follow.

CNC machines come in a range of forms with various functions and capabilities. These machines can be categorised into retrofitted machines, which transform machines of a traditional design into CNC machines or custom built machines, which are built new. Let’s take a look at the different types in each category.

Retrofitted CNC Machines

Lathes –Lathes spin manufacturing material on a spindle and cut and shape it with a sculpting or abrading tool. Because of the set up of the machine, lathes are best for conical, spherical or cylindrical shapes due to their symmetry.

Milling machines – Unlike the lathe, milling machines instead spin the tool, rather than the material. They deduce the angles and depths necessary by processing the code, the advance in technology means that cuts are now far more precise than when they were conducted by hand.

Grinders – Rather than cutting into manufacturing materials, grinders spin a wheel against the material to grate it into the desired shape. These machines require far less precision, making them easier to programme.

Custom Built CNC Machines

Pick and Place Machines – These machines are used primarily for circuit boards for electronic devices such as phones, computers and tablets. Small nozzles lift and manoeuvre components to their required placements.

Laser and Plasma Cutters – These machines use their respective cutters to burn through a range of materials. Their precision and angular capabilities tend to outshine other cutting machines, however, laser is slowly overtaking plasma cutting.

CNC Router – CNC routers are quite diverse machines, some are 3D while others can range up to six axes. The higher axis machines tend to involve less set up time as well as less mistakes while increasing efficacy. They are primarily used for larger projects and can work with a range of materials such as wood, metal and various plastics.

Metrology Machines – These machines are designed to check the parts of other machines to make sure their measurements are correct. This helps to ensure the smooth-running of machines, increase their efficiency and avoid mishaps caused by imprecise measurements.

3D Printers – Although this machine works via additive manufacturing, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing, it is still a CNC machine. These machines work by layering sheets of molten plastic upon one another in various sizes in order to create the desired design.

Before embarking upon your CNC journey, be sure to consult a professional who can help to guide you in terms of which machine is most suitable for your project. A professional will also be able to advise on the best material for the job which will reap the most satisfactory results as well as source (or help you source) materials which are of good quality.