India's technological position was essentially nonexistent due to British colonial dominance in all industries. Screwdrivers and spanners continued to be produced in the UK and imported even after 1947. India was severely behind in the Second Industrial Revolution until the 1980s due to 'License Raj' and 'Command Economy,' but Europe and the USA had jumped ahead to the 'Fourth Industrial Revolution.' 

In terms of research and development (R & D) for Generation (GEN) 4 or 5 or 6 technologies, India continues to lag behind. De facto, India is ranked 22nd in terms of the 1,058 patents recognised in 2021 and the 546 patents recognised in 2022 thus far. Undoubtedly, the dire situation is brutally reflected by the world ranking of patents. The absence of political leaders' vision and determination resulted in modest budget allocations as compared to other countries. 

The current funding allocation for ISRO is only $1, 831 billion, which is negligible when compared to NASA's ($22,629 billion) budget, the CNSA's ($11 billion), the ESA's ($7,430 billion), the CNES's ($3,384 billion) budget, and Roscommon's ($1, 922 billion) budget.

 Gaining a balanced perspective is thought to need an understanding of the fundamentals, which includes the definition of technology and the innovations of the 'Four Industrial Revolutions'. In both strategic and commercial terms, space is crucial. Vehicles used to launch satellites and missiles have a lot in common. 

De facto, the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has achieved impressive success with the world's biggest constellation of remote-sensing satellites as well as the GAGAN and NAVIC satellite navigation systems despite modest budgetary allocations. Similar advancements have been made in the research and development of missiles, unarmed aircraft systems (UAS), nuclear technologies, and semiconductors, among other sectors. Reusing rockets necessitates the development of new skill sets. The EOS-06 satellite, also known as Oceansat-3, and eight nanosatellites were successfully launched on December 3, 2022, by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. In a two-hour multi-orbit launch mission, PSLV-C54 was launched at 11.56 am from Sriharikota's First Launch Pad (FLP). The EOS-06 was the PSLV-main C54's payload. In Orbit-2, the Passenger Payloads (PPLs) will be divided, according to an ISRO release.

 One of the six government space agencies with full launch capabilities (the ability to launch and recover multiple satellites, develop and use cryogenic rocket engines, and operate space probes) as well as extraterrestrial landing capabilities as of 2022, out of the 77 different government space agencies that are currently in operation is ISRO. Only the USA, Russia, and China are capable of sending people into space.

China is the only nation that is capable of landing on another planet. Additionally, the ISRO programme has always been centred on enhancing capabilities in three different areas: 'Satellites for Communication and Remote Sensing,' 'Space Transportation System,' and 'Application Programmes.' India has launched 381 satellites for 34 different nations as of October 23, 2022.

 As of July 1, 2022, the PSLV has launched 55 times, with 52 of those missions reaching their intended orbits successfully. There have been two complete failures and one partial failure, giving the PSLV a 94% success rate. Between 2001 and 2021, GSLV was utilised in 14 launches, with 8 successes, 4 failures, and 2 partial failures. 

The third generation rocket from ISRO, the GSLV (Mark III), has a gross takeoff weight of 640 tonnes. Because of its successful mission to deposit the satellites in Low Earth Orbit, ISRO has changed the nomenclature of GSLV Mark III to Launch Vehicle Mark III or LVM III. A Next-Gen Launch Vehicle (NGLV) is being developed by ISRO to take the place of current systems like the PSLV. 

ISRO is considering NGLV, a reusable heavy-lift vehicle with a three-stage to orbit and a ten-ton payload capacity for geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). For the booster stages, it will use semi-cryogenic propulsion (refined kerosene as fuel and liquid oxygen (LOX) as the oxidizer).

 Future human spaceflight, cargo trips, deep space missions, and satellite communication are all possible applications. Because of a business deal between UK-based OneWeb Ltd. and space PSU New Space India Ltd, ISRO's GSLV Mark 3 mission is significant. 

One of the largest commercial orders for India's leading space agency will be fulfilled by the successful launch by ISRO and NSIL on October 23, 2022, which will be the first to use the LVM3 rocket. Each launch's profitability will increase as a result of the successful demonstration of the LVM 3 rocket's capacity to lift bigger payloads. 

The same rocket is currently being human-rated for the Gaganyan mission, which will send people into space. The first experimental mission of the ISRO Scramjet Engine toward the development of an air-breathing propulsion system was successfully completed in 2016, among other things.